O Jevrejima u Ugarskoj XVIII i XIX veka

Abstract

U 18 i prvoj polovini 19 veka najveća naseobina Jevreja bila je u Zemunu, jednoj od najvažnijih trgovačkih varoši na putu Solun-Niš-Beograd-Beč. Ipak, u znatnijem broju Jevreji u Zemun nisu došli odmah posle proterivanja Turaka 1716, nego tek posle povlačenja Austrijanaca iz Srbije 1739. godine. Od 1716. do 1739, dok su Austrijanci vladali Srbijom, Jevreji su se zadržavali najviše u Beogradu, a preko Zemuna su većinom samo prolazili na svojim trgovačkim putovanjima, budući da je u privrednom pogledu Zemun bio potpuno u senci Beograda. Kao nehrišćani, Jevreji su morali da stanuju odvojeno, pa je vremenom došlo do stvaranja posebne ulice - "Čivutskog sokaka" - u kojoj su, pored privatnih kuća, nikle i njihova bogomolja i škola. U jednoj od kuća stanovali su kantor, učitelj, školski poslužitelj i ritualni koljač (Šahter). S proleća 1755. godine, jevrejskim sudijama i crkvenim ocima je Slavonsko-sremska generalna komanda priznala pravo suđenja u privatnim sporovima između Jevreja, a Zemunskom gradskom magistratu je naređeno da jevrejskim sudijama pruža podršku i pomoć u vršenju njihove dužnosti. Dosta rano su Jevreji u Zemunu imali i svoju školu koja je bila isključivo verskog karaktera. Škola se pominje već u popisu Jevreja 1755. godine. U njoj se učilo čitanje i pisanje, a postojala je i verska obuka. Iako su se zemunski Jevreji uspešno uključili u privredni život grada i, pored ranije navedenih poslova, bavili su se bačvarskim, a naročito zlatarskim zanatom, a zatim trgovinom, kao komisionari austrijskih fabrika i bečkih novčanih kuća, plaćali su veće dažbine od hrišćanskog stanovništva. Stalno su imali velike neprilike zbog ograničavanja njihovog broja, restriktivnog tumačenja privilegije o naseljavanju u Zemun, kao i zbog nedovoljne tolerancije hrišćanskih sugrađana, Nemaca i Srba.

In the 18th and first half of the 19th century, the largest settlement of Jews was in Zemun, one of the most important trading towns on the Thessaloniki-Nis-Belgrade-Vienna route. However, a considerable number of Jews did not come to Zemun immediately after the relegation of the Turks in 1716, but only after the Austrians retreat from Serbia in 1739. From 1716 to 1739, while the Austrians ruled over Serbia, the Jews stayed mostly in Belgrade or passing through Zemun on their trade trips, since in economic terms Zemun was completely in the shadow of Belgrade. As non-Christians, the Jews had to live separately, and over time, a separate street was created - the "Čivutski sokak " - in which, besides private homes, their place of worship and their school were. In one of the houses inhabited a cantor, a teacher, a school clerk, and a ritual butcher (Schachter). In the spring of 1755, the Jewish judges and church fathers were recognized by the Slavonian-Srem General Command as entitled to trial in private disputes between Jews, and the Zemun City Magistrate was ordered to provide Jewish judges with support and assistance in the performance of their duties. Quite early Jews in Zemun also had their own school of a purely religious character. The school is already mentioned in the 1755 census of Jews. it was taught there reading and writing, and religious training. Although the Zemun Jews successfully became involved in the economic life of the city and, in addition to the previously mentioned jobs, engaged in barrel makers, especially jewelry, and trade, as commissioners of Austrian factories and Viennese currency houses, they paid higher duties than the Christian population. They constantly had great trouble limiting their numbers, restrictively interpreting the privilege of settling in Zemun, as well as lacking tolerance of Christian fellow citizens, Germans, and Serbs.