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Stone tears: Remembrance and learning about the Holocaust and Genocide of the Roma

Kamene suze: sećanje i učenje o holokaustu i genocidu nad Romima

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2016
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Authors
Berlič, Marjetka
Matjašić, Ljiljana
Bedrač, Marjetka
Contributors
Trojar, Valerija
Topolinjak, Aleš
Book (Published version)
,
Center judovske kulturne dediščine Sinagoga Maribor
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Abstract
In greater numbers, the Jews started to move to the territory of the present Republic of Slovenia during the 12th and 13th centuries. The largest Jewish communities on Slovenian soil in the Middle Ages lived in Maribor, Ptuj and Ljubljana; the Jews also lived in Piran, Izola, Koper, Trst (Trieste), Gorica (Gorizia), Celje, Slovenj Gradec, Radgona (Bad Radkersburg), Slovenska Bistrica, Dravograd and Ormož. In Slovenia, where the Jews have never been present in great numbers, anti-Semitism appeared primarily as a consequence of following the trends from Austro-Hungarian regions with greater shares of the Jewish population. In 1931, in Slovenia in the so-called Drava Province (which included today’s territory of Slovenia without the Primorska region) lived approximately 820 Jews. From 6 April 1941, Slovenia was occupied and divided among German, Italian and Hungarian occupiers. At the Italian population census at the end of July 1941 in the Ljubljana region (Ljubljana, Inner Carniola, the... majority of Lower Carniola), some Jews from Ljubljana declared as Germans, hoping that they would thus save their lives. The Nazi authorities confiscated the majority of items of significant value from the Jewish population of that area, while Jewish shops and inns were subjected to plundering by the Kulturbund members. With the arrival of the Hungarian occupation authorities, the Jews were seemingly left alone for some time. Up to now, in Slovenia altogether 558 victims of the Holocaust have been identified. Like the Jews, the Roma people were characterized by extremely negative labels, persecution and continuous discrimination after their arrival on European soil. In Slovenia, the Roma started to settle permanently in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in the regions of Prekmurje, and Lower and Upper Carniola (Dolenjska, Bela Krajina, Posavje and Gorenjska). The Roma, as well, have been subjected to persecution and attempts of violent assimilation throughout their history of settlement in European countries. The main organizer of the Nazi genocide of the Roma and Sinti was Heinrich Himmler, the Head of the SS. Before the Second World War, in the Drava region – predominately in Prekmurje and Lower Carniola –, there lived around 1,100 Roma and around a hundred Sinti in Upper Carniola. The position of the Roma in Lower Carniola changed with the capitulation of Italy and German occupation. The database of the victims of the Second World War in Slovenia has recorded 207 deaths of Roma, including seven shot Partisans. In reality, the number of killed Slovenian Roma and Sinti was higher.

Jevreji su u većem broju počeli da se doseljavaju na teritoriju današnje Republike Slovenije tokom 12. i 13. veka. Najveće jevrejske zajednice na slovenačkom tlu u srednjem veku živele su u Mariboru, Ptuju i Ljubljani; Jevreji su živeli i u Piranu, Izoli, Kopru, Trstu (Trst), Gorici (Goricija), Celju, Slovenj Gradecu, Radgoni (Bad Radkersburg), Slovenskoj Bistrici, Dravogradu i Ormožu. U Sloveniji, gde Jevreji nikada nisu bili u većem broju, antisemitizam se javlja prvenstveno kao posledica praćenja trendova iz austrougarskih krajeva sa većim udelom jevrejskog stanovništva. Godine 1931. u Sloveniji u takozvanoj Dravskoj pokrajini (koja je obuhvatala današnju teritoriju Slovenije bez Primorske) živelo je oko 820 Jevreja. Od 6. aprila 1941. Slovenija je bila pod okupacijom i podeljena između nemačkih, italijanskih i mađarskih okupatora. Na popisu italijanskog stanovništva krajem jula 1941. godine u ljubljanskom kraju (Ljubljana, Unutrašnja Kranjska, veći deo Donje Kranjske) pojedin...i Jevreji iz Ljubljane su se izjasnili kao Nemci, nadajući se da će tako spasiti svoje živote. Nacističke vlasti su jevrejskom stanovništvu tog kraja zaplenile većinu predmeta od vrednosti, dok su jevrejske radnje i gostionice bile podvrgnute pljački od strane Kulturbunda. Dolaskom mađarskih okupacionih vlasti Jevreji su naizgled bili ostavljeni na neko vreme. Do sada je u Sloveniji identifikovano ukupno 558 žrtava Holokausta. Poput Jevreja, i Romi su po dolasku na evropsko tlo doživljavali krajnje negativne etikete, progon i kontinuiranu diskriminaciju. Romi su u Sloveniju počeli da se stalno naseljavaju u 17. i 18. veku, posebno u krajevima Prekmurja, Dolenjske i Gornje Kranjske (Dolenjska, Bela krajina, Posavje i Gorenjska). I Romi su tokom svoje istorije naseljavanja u evropskim zemljama bili izloženi progonima i pokušajima nasilne asimilacije. Glavni organizator nacističkog genocida nad Romima i Sintima bio je Hajnrih Himler, šef SS-a. Pre Drugog svetskog rata, u Dravskom kraju – pretežno u Prekmurju i Donjoj Kranjskoj – živelo je oko 1.100 Roma, a oko stotinu Sinta u Gornjoj Kranjskoj. Položaj Roma u Donjoj Kranjskoj se promenio kapitulacijom Italije i nemačkom okupacijom. U bazi podataka o žrtvama Drugog svetskog rata u Sloveniji je evidentirano 207 poginulih Roma, uključujući sedam streljanih partizana. U stvarnosti, broj ubijenih slovenačkih Roma i Sinta bio je veći.

Keywords:
Holokaust - Slovenija / Holokaust - Romi - Slovenija / Holocaust - Slovenia / Holocaust - Roma -Slovenia
Source:
2016, 1-39
Publisher:
  • Maribor : Center judovske kulturne dediščine Sinagoga
Note:
  • Link: https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-R15ZUL1V.
  • The Stone Tears documentary exhibition, the accompanying publication and CD-ROM were prepared within the framework of the project with the same title, which was supported by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA; Grant No. 2014−419) and the Municipality of Maribor in the years 2014–2016. Project holder: Center of Jewish Cultural Heritage Synagogue Maribor. Project partners: Frekvenca, the social-cultural association of restless and active members, Terne Roma - Young Roma Society, Dr Šiftar Foundation, Artikel-VII-Kulturverein für Steiermark - Pavelhaus, Institute for Jewish History in Austria. Project manager: Marjetka Bedrač.
[ Google Scholar ]
Handle
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_jdb_2174
URI
https://www.jevrejskadigitalnabiblioteka.rs/handle/123456789/2174
Collections
  • Holokaust u Jugoslaviji [Holocaust in Yugoslavia]
  • Engleski [English]
  • Slovenija [Slovenia]
  • NLI 3
Topic
Holokaust (Šoa) [The Holocaust (Ha-Shoah)]
TY  - BOOK
AU  - Berlič, Marjetka
AU  - Matjašić, Ljiljana
AU  - Bedrač, Marjetka
PY  - 2016
UR  - https://www.jevrejskadigitalnabiblioteka.rs/handle/123456789/2174
AB  - In greater numbers, the Jews started to move to the territory of the present Republic of Slovenia during the 12th and 13th centuries. The largest Jewish communities on Slovenian soil in the Middle Ages lived in Maribor, Ptuj and Ljubljana; the Jews also lived in Piran, Izola, Koper, Trst (Trieste), Gorica (Gorizia), Celje, Slovenj Gradec, Radgona (Bad Radkersburg), Slovenska Bistrica, Dravograd and Ormož. In Slovenia, where the Jews have never been present in great numbers, anti-Semitism appeared primarily as a consequence of following the trends from Austro-Hungarian regions with greater shares of the Jewish population. In 1931, in Slovenia in the so-called Drava Province (which included today’s territory of Slovenia without the Primorska region) lived approximately 820 Jews. From 6 April 1941, Slovenia was occupied and divided among German, Italian and Hungarian occupiers. At the Italian population census at the end of July 1941 in the Ljubljana region (Ljubljana, Inner Carniola, the majority of Lower Carniola), some Jews from Ljubljana declared as Germans, hoping that they would thus save their lives. The Nazi authorities confiscated the majority of items of significant value from the Jewish population of that area, while Jewish shops and inns were subjected to plundering by the Kulturbund members. With the arrival of the Hungarian occupation authorities, the Jews were seemingly left alone for some time. Up to now, in Slovenia altogether 558 victims of the Holocaust have been identified. Like the Jews, the Roma people were characterized by extremely negative labels, persecution and continuous discrimination after their arrival on European soil. In Slovenia, the Roma started to settle permanently in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in the regions of Prekmurje, and Lower and Upper Carniola (Dolenjska, Bela Krajina, Posavje and Gorenjska). The Roma, as well, have been subjected to persecution and attempts of violent assimilation throughout their history of settlement in European countries. The main organizer of the Nazi genocide of the Roma and Sinti was Heinrich Himmler, the Head of the SS. Before the Second World War, in the Drava region – predominately in Prekmurje and Lower Carniola –, there lived around 1,100 Roma and around a hundred Sinti in Upper Carniola. The position of the Roma in Lower Carniola changed with the capitulation of Italy and German occupation. The database of the victims of the Second World War in Slovenia has recorded 207 deaths of Roma, including seven shot Partisans. In reality, the number of killed Slovenian Roma and Sinti was higher.
AB  - Jevreji su u većem broju počeli da se doseljavaju na teritoriju današnje Republike Slovenije tokom 12. i 13. veka. Najveće jevrejske zajednice na slovenačkom tlu u srednjem veku živele su u Mariboru, Ptuju i Ljubljani; Jevreji su živeli i u Piranu, Izoli, Kopru, Trstu (Trst), Gorici (Goricija), Celju, Slovenj Gradecu, Radgoni (Bad Radkersburg), Slovenskoj Bistrici, Dravogradu i Ormožu. U Sloveniji, gde Jevreji nikada nisu bili u većem broju, antisemitizam se javlja prvenstveno kao posledica praćenja trendova iz austrougarskih krajeva sa većim udelom jevrejskog stanovništva. Godine 1931. u Sloveniji u takozvanoj Dravskoj pokrajini (koja je obuhvatala današnju teritoriju Slovenije bez Primorske) živelo je oko 820 Jevreja. Od 6. aprila 1941. Slovenija je bila pod okupacijom i podeljena između nemačkih, italijanskih i mađarskih okupatora. Na popisu italijanskog stanovništva krajem jula 1941. godine u ljubljanskom kraju (Ljubljana, Unutrašnja Kranjska, veći deo Donje Kranjske) pojedini Jevreji iz Ljubljane su se izjasnili kao Nemci, nadajući se da će tako spasiti svoje živote. Nacističke vlasti su jevrejskom stanovništvu tog kraja zaplenile većinu predmeta od vrednosti, dok su jevrejske radnje i gostionice bile podvrgnute pljački od strane Kulturbunda. Dolaskom mađarskih okupacionih vlasti Jevreji su naizgled bili ostavljeni na neko vreme. Do sada je u Sloveniji identifikovano ukupno 558 žrtava Holokausta. Poput Jevreja, i Romi su po dolasku na evropsko tlo doživljavali krajnje negativne etikete, progon i kontinuiranu diskriminaciju. Romi su u Sloveniju počeli da se stalno naseljavaju u 17. i 18. veku, posebno u krajevima Prekmurja, Dolenjske i Gornje Kranjske (Dolenjska, Bela krajina, Posavje i Gorenjska). I Romi su tokom svoje istorije naseljavanja u evropskim zemljama bili izloženi progonima i pokušajima nasilne asimilacije. Glavni organizator nacističkog genocida nad Romima i Sintima bio je Hajnrih Himler, šef SS-a. Pre Drugog svetskog rata, u Dravskom kraju – pretežno u Prekmurju i Donjoj Kranjskoj – živelo je oko 1.100 Roma, a oko stotinu Sinta u Gornjoj Kranjskoj. Položaj Roma u Donjoj Kranjskoj se promenio kapitulacijom Italije i nemačkom okupacijom. U bazi podataka o žrtvama Drugog svetskog rata u Sloveniji je evidentirano 207 poginulih Roma, uključujući sedam streljanih partizana. U stvarnosti, broj ubijenih slovenačkih Roma i Sinta bio je veći.
PB  - Maribor : Center judovske kulturne dediščine Sinagoga
T1  - Stone tears: Remembrance and learning about the Holocaust and Genocide of the Roma
T1  - Kamene suze: sećanje i učenje o holokaustu i genocidu nad Romima
SP  - 1
EP  - 39
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_jdb_2174
ER  - 
@book{
author = "Berlič, Marjetka and Matjašić, Ljiljana and Bedrač, Marjetka",
year = "2016",
abstract = "In greater numbers, the Jews started to move to the territory of the present Republic of Slovenia during the 12th and 13th centuries. The largest Jewish communities on Slovenian soil in the Middle Ages lived in Maribor, Ptuj and Ljubljana; the Jews also lived in Piran, Izola, Koper, Trst (Trieste), Gorica (Gorizia), Celje, Slovenj Gradec, Radgona (Bad Radkersburg), Slovenska Bistrica, Dravograd and Ormož. In Slovenia, where the Jews have never been present in great numbers, anti-Semitism appeared primarily as a consequence of following the trends from Austro-Hungarian regions with greater shares of the Jewish population. In 1931, in Slovenia in the so-called Drava Province (which included today’s territory of Slovenia without the Primorska region) lived approximately 820 Jews. From 6 April 1941, Slovenia was occupied and divided among German, Italian and Hungarian occupiers. At the Italian population census at the end of July 1941 in the Ljubljana region (Ljubljana, Inner Carniola, the majority of Lower Carniola), some Jews from Ljubljana declared as Germans, hoping that they would thus save their lives. The Nazi authorities confiscated the majority of items of significant value from the Jewish population of that area, while Jewish shops and inns were subjected to plundering by the Kulturbund members. With the arrival of the Hungarian occupation authorities, the Jews were seemingly left alone for some time. Up to now, in Slovenia altogether 558 victims of the Holocaust have been identified. Like the Jews, the Roma people were characterized by extremely negative labels, persecution and continuous discrimination after their arrival on European soil. In Slovenia, the Roma started to settle permanently in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in the regions of Prekmurje, and Lower and Upper Carniola (Dolenjska, Bela Krajina, Posavje and Gorenjska). The Roma, as well, have been subjected to persecution and attempts of violent assimilation throughout their history of settlement in European countries. The main organizer of the Nazi genocide of the Roma and Sinti was Heinrich Himmler, the Head of the SS. Before the Second World War, in the Drava region – predominately in Prekmurje and Lower Carniola –, there lived around 1,100 Roma and around a hundred Sinti in Upper Carniola. The position of the Roma in Lower Carniola changed with the capitulation of Italy and German occupation. The database of the victims of the Second World War in Slovenia has recorded 207 deaths of Roma, including seven shot Partisans. In reality, the number of killed Slovenian Roma and Sinti was higher., Jevreji su u većem broju počeli da se doseljavaju na teritoriju današnje Republike Slovenije tokom 12. i 13. veka. Najveće jevrejske zajednice na slovenačkom tlu u srednjem veku živele su u Mariboru, Ptuju i Ljubljani; Jevreji su živeli i u Piranu, Izoli, Kopru, Trstu (Trst), Gorici (Goricija), Celju, Slovenj Gradecu, Radgoni (Bad Radkersburg), Slovenskoj Bistrici, Dravogradu i Ormožu. U Sloveniji, gde Jevreji nikada nisu bili u većem broju, antisemitizam se javlja prvenstveno kao posledica praćenja trendova iz austrougarskih krajeva sa većim udelom jevrejskog stanovništva. Godine 1931. u Sloveniji u takozvanoj Dravskoj pokrajini (koja je obuhvatala današnju teritoriju Slovenije bez Primorske) živelo je oko 820 Jevreja. Od 6. aprila 1941. Slovenija je bila pod okupacijom i podeljena između nemačkih, italijanskih i mađarskih okupatora. Na popisu italijanskog stanovništva krajem jula 1941. godine u ljubljanskom kraju (Ljubljana, Unutrašnja Kranjska, veći deo Donje Kranjske) pojedini Jevreji iz Ljubljane su se izjasnili kao Nemci, nadajući se da će tako spasiti svoje živote. Nacističke vlasti su jevrejskom stanovništvu tog kraja zaplenile većinu predmeta od vrednosti, dok su jevrejske radnje i gostionice bile podvrgnute pljački od strane Kulturbunda. Dolaskom mađarskih okupacionih vlasti Jevreji su naizgled bili ostavljeni na neko vreme. Do sada je u Sloveniji identifikovano ukupno 558 žrtava Holokausta. Poput Jevreja, i Romi su po dolasku na evropsko tlo doživljavali krajnje negativne etikete, progon i kontinuiranu diskriminaciju. Romi su u Sloveniju počeli da se stalno naseljavaju u 17. i 18. veku, posebno u krajevima Prekmurja, Dolenjske i Gornje Kranjske (Dolenjska, Bela krajina, Posavje i Gorenjska). I Romi su tokom svoje istorije naseljavanja u evropskim zemljama bili izloženi progonima i pokušajima nasilne asimilacije. Glavni organizator nacističkog genocida nad Romima i Sintima bio je Hajnrih Himler, šef SS-a. Pre Drugog svetskog rata, u Dravskom kraju – pretežno u Prekmurju i Donjoj Kranjskoj – živelo je oko 1.100 Roma, a oko stotinu Sinta u Gornjoj Kranjskoj. Položaj Roma u Donjoj Kranjskoj se promenio kapitulacijom Italije i nemačkom okupacijom. U bazi podataka o žrtvama Drugog svetskog rata u Sloveniji je evidentirano 207 poginulih Roma, uključujući sedam streljanih partizana. U stvarnosti, broj ubijenih slovenačkih Roma i Sinta bio je veći.",
publisher = "Maribor : Center judovske kulturne dediščine Sinagoga",
title = "Stone tears: Remembrance and learning about the Holocaust and Genocide of the Roma, Kamene suze: sećanje i učenje o holokaustu i genocidu nad Romima",
pages = "1-39",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_jdb_2174"
}
Berlič, M., Matjašić, L.,& Bedrač, M.. (2016). Stone tears: Remembrance and learning about the Holocaust and Genocide of the Roma. 
Maribor : Center judovske kulturne dediščine Sinagoga., 1-39.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_jdb_2174
Berlič M, Matjašić L, Bedrač M. Stone tears: Remembrance and learning about the Holocaust and Genocide of the Roma. 2016;:1-39.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_jdb_2174 .
Berlič, Marjetka, Matjašić, Ljiljana, Bedrač, Marjetka, "Stone tears: Remembrance and learning about the Holocaust and Genocide of the Roma" (2016):1-39,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_jdb_2174 .

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