Identitet savremene izraelske poezije između neopsalmodičnog i profanog, cionizma i akulturacije

Abstract

Budući da je problem jevrejske književnosti sam po sebi veoma kompleksan jer se ona ne definiše na osnovu jezičke homogenosti i teritorijalne monolitnosti, već posredno preko pojmova kulture i veroispovesti, pribegavamo terminu "izraelska književnost" i razmatramo osobenosti savremene izraelske poezije na primeru dvadesetak pesnika i pesnikinja, posle kruga utemelјivača moderne izraelske književnosti (Bijalika, Černihovskog, Šlonskog, Grinberga) - koji su s početka 20. veka oponašali biblijski stil i pevali o novoj domovini, od pesnika 60-ih (Jehude Amihaja, Tet Karmija, Davida Avidana, Dalie Ravikovič), preko grupacije pesnika ukloplјenih u svetske pesničke bitničke tokove (Jona Volah, Aharon Šabataj, Mordehaj Geldman) i pesnika 90-ih (Hezi Leksli, Rami Dicani, Agi Mišol) do pesnika današnjice (Amir Or i drugi). Pratimo put potrebe za istovremenim povratkom i izlaskom iz drevnog grada Jerusalima koje se pokazuje nemogućim, teme: porodice, kolektiva, rata, doma, Holokausta, pustinje. Ova poezija je konglomerat cionizma i akulturacije (oprečnih procesa jevrejskog naroda), ona se jednom obraća precima i gotovo arhetipskom starozavetnom aparaturom ponavlјa žrtveni obrazac jevrejstva, drugi put je dijalog s turistima, pesničko uklјučivanje dijaspore, odricanje od verskog karaktera poezije i pribežište u individualizmu, napor bekstva/vraćanja od određenog jezika, bio on jidiš, hebrejski, ivrit, ladino ili neki drugi svetski jezik. Bavimo se i tematskim preokupacijama savremene izraelske poezije i problemom prevođenja na srpski jezik, a taj problem je evidentan uprkos pojačanoj izdavačkoj posvećenosti izraelskim piscima poslednjih godina, kao i slikom jevrejstva u srpskoj književnosti.

Since the problem of Jewish literature is very complex, because it is not defined by linguistic homogeneity and territorial unity, but indirectly through notions of culture and religion, we resort to the term “Israeli literature” and consider features of contemporary Israeli poetry, on the example of nearly twenty male and female poets: after the founders of modern Israeli poetry (like Chernihovsky, Avraham Shlonsky, Uri Zvi Greenberg), who imitated the biblical style and sang about the new motherland at the beginning of the 20th century, through the poets of the 1960's (Yehuda Amichai, Tet Carmi, David Avidan, Dahlia Ravikovitch), further through the group of poets embedded in the worldwide beatnik currents (Yona Wallach, Aharon Shabtai, Mordechai Geldman), and the poets of the 1990's (Hezi Leskali, Ramy Ditzanny, Agi Mishol), finally to the poets of today (Amir Or etc.). We follow the road of the poetic need to both return to and leave the ancient town of Jerusalem, which turns out to be impossible, as we also analyze the topics such as: family, society, war, home, the Holocaust, and the desert... This poetry is a conglomerate both of Zionism and acculturation, which constitute two conflicting processes of Jewish culture. Sometimes this poetry refers to ancestors through the archetypical Old-Testament-like apparatus, repeating the sacrificial pattern of Judaism, but at other times it acts like a dialogue with tourists, including the diaspora, renouncing the religious nature of poetry, and escaping into individuality, alongside its effort to both escape or return to language, regardless of whether it be Yiddish, Ivrit, Ladino, Hebrew, or another world language. We focus on the thematic preoccupations of contemporary Jewish poetry and we consider the problem of translating it to Serbian. Despite an increased interest of Serbian publishers in Israeli writers, that problem is evident. We likewise analyze the image of Jewish culture in Serbian literature, specifically in Dučić's “Jewish poem” and Lalić's poems about the Jewish people.