Historija starih prevoda Biblije: Targum i Septuaginta

Abstract

U ovom tekstu nadrabin dr Mavro Niedermann daje istorijski pregled nastanka nekoliko prevoda Biblije. U uvodnom delu govori o značaju Biblije koja je nesumnjivo, sve do današnjih dana, jedinstveno i reprezentativno delo celokupnog jevrejstva. On smatra da je etika Svetog pisma čvrsta spona koja povezuje rasejano jevrejstvo i koja ga održava kroz celu njegovu burnu istoriju. Za razliku od etičkog kodeksa, jezik na kome je Sveto pismo objavljeno i tumačeno jevrejskom narodu, menjao se u zavisnosti od istorijskih uslova. U 8. veku u Judeji je bio odomaćen jevrejski jezik ("jehudit"). Nakon povratka Jevreja iz vavilonskog ropstva počelo je naglo širenje aramejskog jezika koji se koristio u celoj prednjoj Aziji. Aramejski je istisnuo starohebrejski koji se dalje koristio samo u književnosti i bogosluženju. Sa ovom promenom govornog jezika morao se promeniti i jezik Svetog pisma jer ga jevrejski narod više nije razumeo. Tako nastaje Targum - Sveto pismo na aramejskom jeziku. Jevrejski narod je ovaj prevod primio sa oduševljenjem, prevod je kanonizovan a Talmud ga je izjednačio sa izvornim hebrejskim tekstom. Dr Niederrman spominje i prvi grčki prevod Biblije - Septuagintu. Objašnjava da poreklo vodi iz perioda kada su Jevreji bili pod jakim uticajem helenizma i kada je postojala potreba za grčkim prevodom Svetog pisma. Naziv Septuaginta - Sedamdesetorica, potiče od legende po kojoj je 70 jevrejskih učenjaka radilo na ovom prevodu. U tekstu se spominje i Vulgata - prevod Starog zaveta na latinski jezik na koje nas autor upućuje samo u referenci.

In this text, senior rabbi Dr Mavro Niedermann gives a historical overview of the origin of several translations of the Bible. In the introductory part, he talks about the significance of the Bible, which is to this day, undoubtedly, a unique and representative work of the entire Jewry. He believes that the ethics of Scripture is a strong link that connects scattered Judaism and that maintains it throughout its turbulent history. Unlike the code of ethics, the language in which the Scriptures were published and interpreted by the Jewish people changed depending on historical conditions. In the 8th century, the Jewish language ("Yehudit") was adopted in Judea. After the return of the Jews from the Babylonian captivity, the Aramaic language, which was used throughout Asia Minor, began to spread rapidly. Aramaic expelled Old Hebrew, which was further used only in literature and worship. With this change of spoken language, the language of the Holy Scriptures also had to change because the Jewish people no longer understood it. This is how Targum - the Holy Scripture in the Aramaic language - was created. The Jewish people received this translation with enthusiasm, the translation was canonized and the Talmud equated it with the original Hebrew text. Dr Niederrman also mentions the first Greek translation of the Bible - the Septuagint. He explains that the origin dates back to the period when the Jews were strongly influenced by Hellenism and when there was a need for a Greek translation of the Holy Scriptures. The name Septuagint - Seventy, comes from the legend that 70 Jewish scholars worked on this translation. The text also mentions the Vulgate - a translation of the Old Testament into Latin, to which the author refers us only in reference.