Praznični običaji jugoslovenskih Jevreja: izložba

Abstract

Razvoj jevrejskih praznika zavisio je od istorijskog razvoja jevrejskog naroda. Рrvu fazu u ovom razvoju predstavlja period nomadskog života, a drugu vezivanje za poljoprivredu i izgradnja naselja. U trećoj fazi stvorena je jevrejska država i judaizam konstituisan kao religija. Četvrta faza počinje rušenjem jerusalimskog hrama, uništenjem jevrejske države i razilaženjem Jevreja po zemljama, Evrope, Azije i Afrike. Do konačnog uobličenja praznika došlo je tokom srednjeg veka. Tada se u Francuskoj, Nemačkoj i severnoj ltaliji pojavljuju knjige o običajima "minhagim". U njima su do detalja opisivani životi učenjaka kao primer načina života kakav bi trebalo slediti. U biblijskim i talmudskim tekstovima za reč praznik upotrebljava se nekoliko termina: hag (koren ove reči znači slaviti ili ići u krug), moed (što označava određeno mesto ili vreme), jom tov (jom znači dan a tov dobar). Praznici se mogu podeliti na stroge, polupraznike i male praznike. U dane strogih praznika nije dozvoljen rad. To su Pesah, Šavuot, Sukot, Roš hašana, Jom kipur, Šemini aceret i Simhat Tora. Na polupraznike dozvoljen je rad kojim se privređuje. U njih se svrstavaju četiri srednja dana praznika Pesah i poslednji dani praznika Sukot. Na male praznike dopušten je svaki rad. U ovu grupu spadaju Roš hodeš, Lag baomer, Hanuka, Purim i Hamiša asar bišvat. Praznuje se i Tiša beav, kao post dug 24 sata.

The development of Jewish holidays depended on the historical development of the Jewish people. The first phase in this development is the period of nomadic life, and the second is connecting to agriculture and the construction of settlements. In the third phase, a Jewish state was created and Judaism constituted as a religion. The fourth phase begins with the demolition of the Jerusalem temple, the destruction of the Jewish state and the diaspora of Jews by different countries in Europe, Asia and Africa. The final form of the holiday came during the Middle Ages, when books about the customs of the Minhagim appeared in France, Germany and northern Italy. They describe in detail the lives of scholars as an example of the way of life that should be followed. In biblical and Talmudic texts, several terms are used for the word holiday: hag (the root of this word means to celebrate or go in a circle), moed (which means a certain place or time), yom tov (yom means day and tov is good). Holidays can be divided into strict, half-holidays and small holidays. Work is not allowed on strict holidays. These are Pesach, Shavuot, Sukkot, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Shemini Aceret and Simhat Torah. It is allowed to work on half-holidays. They include the four middle days of the Passover holiday and the last days of the Sukkot holiday. On small holidays, any work is allowed. This group includes Rosh Hodesh, Lag Baomer, Hanukkah, Purim and Hamisha asar bishwat. Tisha B'Av is also celebrated, as a fast for 24 hours.