Muzika Jevreja sagledana kroz osobenosti muzičke tradicije Sefarda, Jemenićana i Aškenaza

Abstract

Istorija Jevreja, nacionalne i verske zajednice poreklom iz Mesopotamije, počinje nomadskim periodom još 2000. godine pre nove ere. Jevreji su, sa kratkotrajnim mirnim periodima tokom istorije, zadržali nomadski način života, koji je bio uslovljen velikom netrpeljivošću naroda ostalih veroispovesti, odnosno stalnim ratovima i proganjanjima. Te stalne migracije dovele su jevrejsku kulturu u blizak kontakt sa svim nacijama Evrope i većinom nacija Azije, pa je tako i došlo do mnogobrojnih međusobnih uticaja na relaciji judaizam - hrišćanstvo - islam. U radu se prvenstveno razmatra jevrejska sinagogalna muzika kao najjači predstavnik muzike i kulture ovog naroda. Njen razvoj je posebno zanimljiv zbog otežanih uslova održavanja kontinuiteta, i sagledan je kroz tri glavne jevrejske tradicije - sefardsku, jemensku i aškenašku. Istorijski, njihov početak se odnosi na period posle rušenja Drugog hrama, 70. godine naše ere, kada muzika Jevreja gubi svoje teritorijalno jedinstvo, rasipa se i postaje odraz migracije Jevreja po svetu. U Hramu je brigu o muzici vodilo odabrano pleme - Leviti; njihova umetnost je predstavljala strogo čuvanu tajnu, bila je bogato razvijana i brižljivo negovana.

The history of Jews, national and religious community originating from Mesopotamia, begins in the nomadic period as early as 2000 BC. The Jews, with short periods of peace throughout history, maintained the nomadic lifestyle, which was conditioned by the great intolerance of peoples of other religions, or constant wars, and persecutions. These constant migrations brought the Jewish culture in close contact with all the nations of Europe and most of the nations of Asia, and thus many interactions between Judaism - Christianity - Islam took place. Jewish synagogue music is considered as the strongest representative of the music and culture of this nation. Its development is particularly interesting because of the difficult conditions for maintaining continuity and is perceived through three major Jewish traditions - Sephardic, Yemeni and Ashkenazi. Historically, their beginning dates back to the period after the destruction of the Second Temple, 70 AD, when the music of the Jews lost their territorial unity, dissipated and became a reflection of the migration of Jews around the world. In the Temple, music was taken care of by a select tribe - the Levites; their art was a closely guarded secret: it was richly developed and carefully nurtured.