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Manuscript of poems by I. Nadjara "Sheerit Israel"

dc.contributorFischer, Leopold
dc.creatorLevi, Moric
dc.date.accessioned2021-01-30T17:42:58Z
dc.date.available2021-01-30T17:42:58Z
dc.date.issued1926
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.jevrejskadigitalnabiblioteka.rs/handle/123456789/1581
dc.description.abstractPočetkom srednjeg veka pojavljuju se prvi "pajtanim" - stihotvorci, pesnici koji su vekovima stvarali takozvanu novu sinagogalnu poeziju. Ova poezija bila je namenjena narodu koji više nije nalazio utehu u psalmima i okamenjenim tekstovima svakodnevne liturgije. Narod je ove pesme prihvatao i vremenom ih uvodio u dnevnu liturgiju. Spisak pesnika "pajtanima" počinje sa Haj Gaonom sredinom 10-og veka i obuhvata Kalira, sve klasike španskoga doba počev od Dunaša ibn Labrata do Jehude Halevija, potom sve pesnike u Provansi, Italiji i u drugim mestima. Svaki jači jevrejski centar imao je jednog ili više pajtanima. U njihovim pesmama postojale su razlike između orijentalnih i zapadnih, odnosno sefardskih i aškenaskih. Razlike su nastajale zbog uticaja koje su ove grupe primale iz zemalja u kojima su živele. Kabalistička nauka (misticizam) krajem 16. veka postigla je vrhunac razvoja i tadašnjoj generaciji dala podstrek za nove interpretacije. Jedan od najvećih pajtan pesnika kabalističke struje i uopšte najplodniji stihotvorac 16. veka bio je Israel Nađara. Nađara se rodio u Damasku oko 1530. godine. Kao sin vrsnog verskoga učenjaka Mojsija Nađare posvetio se proučavanju Tore i već se kao mladić isticao svojim lepim religioznim pesmama. Proputovao je razne krajeve Orijenta i više godina živeo u Damasku, Jedrenu, Safedu i Gazi (Palestina), gde je krajem 16-og veka umro kao rabin ondašnje opštine. Osim maternjeg španskog jezika, poznavao je još hebrejski, arapski, perzijski, turski i novogrčki jezik. Nađara je imao lep glas i sam je pevao svoje vlastite kompozicije. Kao vrstan poznavalac orijentalne melodije bio je prvi pajtan pesnik koji je za skoro sve svoje pesme ustanovio i "mekam" melodiju po kojoj se one pevaju. Orijentalni mekam ima oko 44 varijacije koje se razlikuju po modulaciji glasova i tako nastaju razne melodije kao npr. ljubavna, tužna, spokojna, vesela, molbena, očajna, skrušena itd. Glavna zbirka svih Nađarinih pesama objavljena je u Safedu (Palestina) 1587. godine sa kratkim uvodom pesnika. Zbirka je poznata pod imenom "Zemirot Jisrael" i sadrži 108 pesama (pizmona). Ista ova zbirka je 1599. godine po drugi put objavljena u Veneciji. U tom proširenom izdanju bilo je oko 439 Nađarinih pesama i dva njegova manja rada "Meme Jisrael" i "Meshaket Hatevel". Ista zbirka "Zemirot Jisrael" izašla je po treći put u skraćenom sadržaju u Beogradu 1853. godine i imala je 110 pesama manje nego u drugom izdanju. Pored ove zbirke spominju se i Nađarini rukopisi u Amsterdamu i Beču. Moric Levi, autor ovog teksta, našao je u Sarajevu originalni rukopis Nađarinih pesama "Šeerit Jisrael" koji sadrži 399 pesama i koji je napisan za pesnikovog života verovatno u Palestini (Safedu ili Gazi) i po svoj prilici po nalogu samoga pesnika. Pronalazak ovog rukopisa podstakao je dr Levija da široj javnosti predstavi stvaralaštvo i pesničko nasleđe koje je ostavio Israel Nađara.sr
dc.description.abstractAt the beginning of the Middle Ages, the first "pajtanim" appeared - poets who for centuries created the so-called new synagogue poetry. This poetry was intended for the people who no longer found solace in the psalms and petrified texts of the daily liturgy. The people accepted these songs and over time introduced them into the daily liturgy. The list of "pajtanim" poets begins with Haj Gaon in the middle of the 10th century and includes Kalir, all the classics of the Spanish era starting from Dunash ibn Labrat to Yehuda Khalevi, then all the poets in Provence, Italy, and elsewhere. Every stronger Jewish center had one or more pajtanim. In their songs, there were differences between Oriental and Western, i.e. Sephardic and Ashkenazi. The differences were due to the influence that these groups received from the countries in which they lived. Kabbalistic science (mysticism) reached the peak of development at the end of the 16th century and gave a stimulus to the then generation for new interpretations. One of the greatest Kabbalistic pajtanim and the most prolific poet of the 16th century, in general, was Israel Nadjara. Nadjara was born in Damascus around 1530. As the son of the excellent religious scholar Mojsije Nadjara, he devoted himself to the study of the Torah, and already as a young man he distinguished himself with his beautiful religious songs. He traveled to various parts of the Orient and lived for several years in Damascus, Edirne, Safed, and Gaza (Palestine), where he died at the end of the 16th century as a rabbi of the Jewish community. In addition to his native Spanish, he also knew Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Modern Greek. Nadjara had a beautiful voice and sang his own compositions. As a great expert of oriental melody, he was the first poet singing a "mekam" melody for almost all of his songs, according to which they are sung. Oriental mekam has about 44 variations that differ in the modulation of voices and thus create various melodies such as loving, sad, calm, cheerful, pleading, desperate, contrite, etc. The main collection of all Nadjara's poems was published in Safed (Palestine) in 1587 with a short introduction by the poet. The collection is known as "Zemirot Yisrael" and contains 108 songs (pizmona). In 1599, the same collection was published in Venice for the second time. In that expanded edition, there were about 439 Nadjara's poems and two of his smaller works, "Meme Yisrael" and "Meshaket Hatevel." The same collection "Zemirot Yisrael" was published for the third time in abbreviated content in Belgrade in 1853 and had 110 songs less than in the second edition. In addition to this collection, Nadjara's manuscripts in Amsterdam and Vienna are also mentioned. Moric Levi, the author of this text, found in Sarajevo the original manuscript of Nadjara's poem "Sheerit Yisrael" which contains 399 poems and which was written during the poet's life probably in Palestine (Safed or Gaza) and probably by order of the poet himself. The discovery of this manuscript encouraged Dr. Levi to present to the general public the creativity and poetic heritage left by Israel Nadjara.sr
dc.language.isoshsr
dc.publisherVršac : Savez rabina Kraljevine S. H. S.sr
dc.rightsopenAccesssr
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/
dc.sourceJevrejski almanah za godinu 5687 (1926/27)sr
dc.subjectpajtanimsr
dc.subjectsinagogalna poezijasr
dc.subjectsynagogue poetrysr
dc.subjectIsrael ben Mozes Nađara (1555-1625) - liturgijski pesnik, rabinsr
dc.subjectIsrael ben Mozes Nađara (1555-1625) - liturgijski pesnik, rabinsr
dc.subjectIsrael ben Moses Nadjara (1555-1625) - liturgical poet, rabbisr
dc.subjectIzrael Nađara (1555-1625) - liturgijski pesnik, rabinsr
dc.subject"Zemirot Jisrael" - Izrael Nađarasr
dc.subject"Zemirot Yisrael" - Israel Nadjarasr
dc.titleManuskript pjesama I. Nađare "Šeerit Israel"sr
dc.titleManuscript of poems by I. Nadjara "Sheerit Israel"sr
dc.typearticlesr
dc.rights.licenseCC0sr
dcterms.abstractЛеви, Мориц; Манускрипт пјесама И. Нађаре "Шеерит Исраел"; Манускрипт пјесама И. Нађаре "Шеерит Исраел";
dc.identifier.fulltexthttp://jevrejskadigitalnabiblioteka.rs/bitstream/id/4972/JAL5687ManuskriptPjesamaOCR.pdf
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionsr
dc.citation.spage45
dc.citation.epage53
dc.citation.volume2
dc.identifier.rcubhttps://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_jdb_1581


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