Pregled jevrejske periodike u Srbiji (od 1888. do 2015. godine)

Abstract

U Srbiji je u periodu između 1888. godine do danas pokrenuto 69 jevrejskih periodičnih publikacija i još 4 van Srbije, čiji su izdavači Jevreji poreklom iz Jugoslavije/Srbije. Neke od ovih publikacija su doživele izdavanje samo jednog, dva, tri ili četiri broja, ili samo jednu ili dve godine izlaženja. Ali su zato neke druge doživele i višedecenijsko izlaženje i stotine brojeva. Do početka Drugog svetskog rata pokrenuto je ukupno 46 publikacija od kojih 18 u Beogradu, 13 u Novom Sadu, 9 u Subotici, 2 u Zemunu i po jedna u Vršcu, Bačkoj Topoli, Novom Bečeju i Staroj Kanjiži. Posebno su pomenuta i tri lista koja su objavlјivali Jevreji iz Jugoslavije/Srbije u nemačkom odnosno italijanskom zaroblјeništvu, za vreme Drugog svetskog rata. Posle Drugog svetskog rata objavlјena su 24 naslova - 17 u Beogradu, 2 u Novom Sadu, jedan u Subotici, 3 u Izraelu i jedan u SAD-u. Opisana periodična izdanja objavlјivana su na srpskohrvatskom, srpskom, mađarskom, nemačkom, ladinu i jidišu ili su bila višejezična. Pisana su ili štampana latiničnim, ćiriličnim i hebrejskim pismom. Periodičnost njihovog izlaženja je sledeća: novine su izlazile jednom, dva i tri puta nedelјno; časopisi polumesečno, mesečno, dvomesečno, kvartalno i polugodišnje, a ostale publikacije (almanasi, zbornici, kalendari, bilteni, itd.) godišnje, povremeno, po potrebi i prigodno povodom nekog događaja ili praznika. Svojim temama i sadržajem različite su orijentacije: informativne, kulturno-nacionalne, verske, cionističke, omladinske, sportske, političke, lokalno-informativne i prigodne - povodom nekih konkretnih događaja i praznika. Godina u kojoj je pokrenuto najviše časopisa bila je 1933. - sa 6 naslova i 1935. - sa 4. To vreme između dva svetska rata slobodno možemo nazvati ״zlatnim dobom“ ukupnog jevrejskog života, stvaralaštva i prosperiteta na prostoru Srbije i Kralјevine Jugoslavije. Koliko je zajednica verovala u svoju budućnost pa tako i živela govori i intenzitet njenih aktivnosti, pa i činjenica da je čak i početkom 1941. godine pokrenula jedan novi list - Glasnik jevrejske aškenaske veroispovedne opštine. A poslednji poznati brojevi jevrejskih novina koji su u Srbiji izlazili još i u mesecu martu 1941. godine, bile su pored već pomenutog Glasnika, i Jevrejske novine (Jüdische Zeitung), kao i Vesnik jevrejske sefardske veroispovedne opštine. Posle ogromnog stradanja i skoro fizičkog uništenja zajednice tokom Drugog svetskog rata, malobrojni preživeli ipak nalaze snagu, volјu i htenje i već 1950. godine ponovo pokreću izdavanje čak tri nove jevrejske periodične publikacije. Vredno je pomenuti da dve od ovde predstavlјenih posleratnih publikacija izlaze već 66 godina (Bilten - Jevrejski pregled i Jevrejski kalendar), a jedna (Bilten - Most) 63 godine. I još uvek izlaze. Takođe još dve, kasnije pokrenute publikacije, imaju dugi vek trajanja: Zbornik JIM-a, koji se objavlјuje 45 godina, i još uvek izlazi, i - BULLETIN: of the Association of Yugoslav Jews in the United States, Inc., koji je izlazio 38 godina. Za jednu ovako malu, u Holokaustu skoro potpuno uništenu zajednicu, ovi podaci predstavlјaju veliki izdavački uspeh i pokazuju koliko su se, bez obzira na različite istorijsko-društvene, socijalne i političke okolnosti, pripadnici jevrejskog naroda trudili da održe i očuvaju tradiciju i značaj svoje pisane reči.

The Jewish community made a distinctive part of the cultural, economic, artistic and social life of Serbia up until today. One of the most important parts of the activities of the Jews in this region was publishing books and periodicals that were thematically covering a variety of areas of their life in Serbia and beyond. So far the Jewish press in Serbia has been treated partially and sporadically, as a part of different projects, but never within special institutions or at the national level. Except for a few extremely important bibliographical sources, magazine articles and book chapters, there are no comprehensive retrospective reviews, and certainly, no organized and exhaustive resources that would enable determining and analyzing its impacts on the Jewish community of Serbia or the whole of society in which the Jews lived. The aim of this work is to contribute to a wider insight into this valuable material. It should also contribute to preserving the memory of a significant field of interest of the Jewish community of Serbia, which is a relevant part of the Serbian history and society. Before World War II, there were 34.000 Jews on the territory of modern Serbia, out of whom only a few thousand remained after the war. During the short period from the late 19th century to the present day, they have launched and published more than 70 periodicals. These publications have significantly promoted education not only of members of the Jewish community but also of the Serbian society as a whole. The three publications that were being published during World War II, in a military prison camp Osnabriick in Germany and the Italian concentration camp Sumartin on the island of Brač is especially valuable. This review is made according to the territorial-national principle and includes all the Jewish periodicals that have been issued on the territory of Serbia (the Kingdom of Serbia, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and four magazines published by the Jews from Yugoslavia / Serbia abroad. Units are listed in chronological order, from the appearance of the first Jewish magazine "El Amigo del Pueblo", printed in 1888, until the present day. In order to facilitate identification of the publications, since they were published in different languages, some units contain Serbian translation of the titles. The described periodicals were published in Serbo-Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, German, Ladino and Yiddish. Some of them are multilingual. They were written or printed in Latin, Cyrillic and Hebrew script. Most of the described titles are available, in the Jewish Historical Museum, Matica Srpska Library and the National Library of Serbia. For each title, we gave information about the institution where it could be found. Printed material which has not survived was also recorded. All available resources are specified in notes and footnotes, and the list of relevant literature and sources. The book dealt with 73 periodicals. The description of each publication contains its title, subtitle, the first and last publishing years, publisher, editor, place where the magazine was launched, printing house, format, publication frequency, character or orientation of the magazine and other relevant bibliographical notes. The book also contains illustrations and covers for all available publications. All of this information could be of benefit to the wider scientific community, researchers, librarians, cataloguers, as well as the Jewish community, in our country and abroad. It could serve as a basis for further collecting these old and valuable material and its research.