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Export trade of Balkan Jews via Dubrovnik in the 16th and 17th centuries: system analysis

dc.creatorZlatar, Zdenko
dc.date.accessioned2019-12-01T12:25:55Z
dc.date.available2019-12-01T12:25:55Z
dc.date.issued1979
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.jevrejskadigitalnabiblioteka.rs/handle/123456789/127
dc.description.abstractZbog bitnih razlika u ekonomskoj strukturi zapadnih i osmanskih zemalja, novi robno-novčani režim uslovio je i uspostavljanje međunarodne podjele rada između Istoka i Zapada, podjele po kojoj je Istok postao veliki izvor sirovina za razvijenu kapitalističku prvredu Zapada u doba takozvanog ranog kapitalizma. Tako je Sredozemlje bilo kolijevka modernog sistema ekonomsklh odnosa u svijetu. Jevreji su se kao trgovci uključili u taj novi sistem međunarodne podjele rada od samog početka Obitavajući po velikim privrednim centrima i na Istoku i na Zapadu, oni su bili u jedinstvenom položaju da razliku između dvaju dijelova jednog istog svijeta premoste, da posluže kao spona između Istoka i Zapada. Oni su to dostojno i učinili iako su trpjeli ponižavanja i progone i od kršćanskih, a ponekad od turskih silnka, iako se često na njih gledalo i sa podozrenjem, a nerijetko i sa mrznjom, Jevreji su bili voljni i kadri da odigraju jednu takvu ulogu od presudne važnosti za cjelokupan ekonomski poredak na Sredozemlju i u Evropi. Trgujući gotovo isključivo posredstvom svojih sunarodnjaka, oni su u XVI stoljeću stvorili a u XVII razvili zatvoren sistem Izvozno-uvozne trgovine koji je u prvom redu spajao prostranstvom veliko, a sirovinama prebogato Osmansko Carstvo sa manufakturnim, bankarskim i trgovačkim centrima Zapada. Iskoristivši veliku potražnju osnovnlh artikala kao što su koža, vosak, vuna, žito i slično, u zapadnim krajevima uslijed velikog povećanja stanovništva i prilično velike razlike u cijeni između dvaju dijelova Sredozemlja, jevrejskl trgovci su sticali poprilične zarade koje im trgovina unutar jednog carstva ili jednog regiona ne bi mogla donijeti. Tako su najočitije i najreprezentiranije predstavljali novu međunarodnu podjelu rada. Takvu funkciju mogli su vršiti zato što su se nalazlli i na lstoku i na Zapadu. Razmnoživšl se i ojačavšl na Balkanu i u Italiji, jevrejski trgovci su najčvršće i najtrajnije povezali te dvije oblasti na suportnim obalama Jadrana. Prilikom izbjeglica u Italiju i na turski Balkan nakon progonstva Jevreja iz Španlje 1492, te dvije oblasti povećale su broj svog jevrejskog stanovništva za nekoliko puta. U Italiji su naročito bile brojne jevrejske naseobine u Rimu, Veneciji i Ankoni, a u Osmanskom Carstvu u Carigradu, u Solunu (gdje su Jevreji predstavljali većinu stanovništva grada), Jedrenu, Skoplju, Sofiji, Beogradu i Sarajevu, uz primorske luke u Valoni i Lješu. Kao izvor stočarskih i poljoprivrednih proizvoda, Balkan je sačinjavao daleko najvredniji dio Turskog Carstva, a Italija naročito Venecija i papinska država kao manufakturno-bankovno-trgovački centar cijelog Sredozemlja držale su primat među zapadnim zemljama. Stoga je povezivanje tih dvaju regiona u jedinstven trgovački sistem upravo predstavljao i centar mediteranske trgovine i nove podjele rada koja je iz nje proistekla. Tako su se jevrejski trgovci našli u centru sredozemne, a zbog izuzetne važnosti za sistem kao cjelinu, i unutar svjetske trgovinske razmjene.sr
dc.description.abstractDuring the 16th century Mediterranean still remained the center of the world: despite the discovery of America and the overseas route to India via the Cape, the destiny of Europe (and, thus, much of the world) was settled on its shores, islands, seas and peninsulas from the League of Cambrai (1509) and the battle of Pavia (1525) to the siege of Malta (1565) and the naval encounter at Lepanto (1571). And when it seemed that it had finally become a backwater militarily, due to the simultaneous withdrawal of both empires, Spanish and Turkish, from further engagements across its vast spaces, the Mediterranean regained, or rather preserved, its central place in European history by launching its last spi¬ritual and intellectual movement, the Counter-Reformation, and its artistic counter¬part, the Baroque. Thus, the Mediterranean retained its central place in European affairs well into the 17th century. In such a Mediterranean world of vast proportions and immense influence, great changes were taking place. In the period between 1450 and 1600 roughly most of the countries in this region, especially Italy, Castile, and the Ottoman Balkans experienced a sharp demographic rise. By the end of the 16th century, the population of the Mediterranean world had increased from circa 35 to about 70 million people, according to Braudel. This vast increase in numbers meant a heightened demand for basic commodities, especially food and clothing. At the same time, the influx of silver from the mines of Potosi in Spanish America into the Mediterranean region, from Spain via Italy to the Ottoman Empire, produced a phenomenal price rise which to most contemporaries assumed the proportions of a revolution. Due to the basic difference in prices between the eastern and the western halves of the Mediterranean a new international division of labor emerged, based on cheap agricultural and pastoral products of the East and the demand for such basic commodities on the part of the rapidly increasing population of the early capitalist West which in turn supplied the Levant with its manufactured products. Such new economic relations between the East and the West were exploited first and foremost by the Jewish merchants and middlemen of both Italy and the Ottoman Balkans. Having been expelled from Spain (where their population, trade, and culture flourished throughout the Middle Ages) the Sephardic Jews settled in large numbers in main Italian trading centers such as Venice and Ancona. On the other hand, they were particularly welcomed in the Ottoman Empire where their communities in Constantinople, Salonica, Adrianople, Skopje, Bitola, Sofia, Belgrade, Sarajevo, and Valona prospered throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. A Jewish merchant, thus, became a middleman between the East and the West par excellence. This study is a part of a larger research on the Dubrovnik and Balkan Jews, based on the primary sources from the Dubrovnik Archives, and sponsored in part by the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture in New York. This article is concerned with the export trade of the Balkan Jews through the port of Dubrovnik to Italy, mostly Venice and Ancona, in the 16th and 17th centuries. It is divided into three parts: the first deals with the genesis of the export trading system from its very early origins until 1590; the second outlines the structure of the system itself during its apogee between 1590 and 1645; and the third part presents a quantitative analysis of the volume of goods exported by the Balkan Jews via Dubrovnik to Italy between 1590 and 1645. In conclusion the author stresses the importance of the exporting trade of Balkan Jews through the port of Dubrovnik in the 16th and 17th centuries. He points out that this exporting business was beneficial to the economy of the exporting regions (Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia) and to the Ottoman Balkans as a whole, to Dubrovnik (whose age of greatness it partly sustained and largely extended well into the 17th century), and to the Mediterranean world in general. It was properly speaking in the context of this Mediterranean world that Jewish trade was called by a contemporary in the 17th century "a golden ring (that has wedded) the East and the West". The Jewish merchants did the wedding.en
dc.language.isosrsr
dc.publisherBeograd : Savez jevrejskih opština Jugoslavije [Federation of Jewish Communitues in Jugoslavia]sr
dc.rightsopenAccesssr
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.sourceZbornik 4 : Studije, arhivska i memoarska građa o Jevrejima Jugoslavije, Jevrejski istorijski muzej - Beograd = Jewish studies 4 : Studies, archival and memorial materials about the Jews in Jugoslavia, Jewish historical museum - Belgradesr
dc.subjectJevreji Balkana - trgovina (XVI i XVII vek)sr
dc.subjectBalkan Jews - trade (16th and 17th century)sr
dc.subjectJevreji - trgovinasr
dc.subjectJews - tradesr
dc.titleTrgovina balkanskih Jevreja preko Dubrovnika u XVI i XVII stoljeću (analiza sistema i izvoza)sr
dc.titleExport trade of Balkan Jews via Dubrovnik in the 16th and 17th centuries: system analysisen
dc.typearticlesr
dc.rights.licenseBY-NC-NDsr
dcterms.abstractЗлатар, Зденко;
dcterms.abstractЗлатар, Зденко;
dc.rights.holderSavez jevrejskih opština Srbije = Federation of Jewish Communities of Serbiasr
dc.identifier.fulltexthttp://jevrejskadigitalnabiblioteka.rs/bitstream/id/210/JIM0404ZDENKOZLATARTRGOVINABALKANSKIHJEVREJAPREKODUBROVNIKA.pdf
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionsr
dc.citation.spage87
dc.citation.epage110
dc.citation.issue4
dc.description.otherČlanak je štampan i kao separat (the article was also printed as a separate issue).
dc.identifier.rcubhttps://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_jdb_127


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